Racism

For Tatum, racism is a system of advantage based on race, and can persist despite a lack of explicit racial attitudes.

Racial Identity

Racial identity is a form of personal identification with a broader racial group. Often condemned as immoral, racial identity is defended by Tatum as part of developing a fulfilling conception of self.

Racial Identity Development

Tatum's concept of racial identity development derives from psychologist William Cross. Positive racial development has five stages: pre-encounter, encounter, immersion/emersion, internalization and internalization-commitment

White Privilege

White privilege connotes the systematic benefits in terms of goods, services and social status enjoyed by Whites, a privilege that they often resist recognizing.

Affirmative Action

Affirmative Action is a government program that aims to undo racial privileges enjoyed by dominant racial groups in the United States since 1965.

Goal-Based Affirmative Action

Goal-Based Affirmative Action explicitly sets the goal of increasing racial diversity and...