The manifesto begins with "A specter is haunting Europe"; what image does the phrase conjure in your mind? Why would Marx and Engels refer to Communism as a haunting specter?

Discuss the gradual rise in influence enjoyed by Communist as made evident through a comparison of the statements included in the various prefaces issued with the text.

Marx and Engels jointly wrote the manifesto yet in later years Engels rather freely admitted that Marx took the major role. However, Engels' long life allowed him to comment at length upon the manifesto through the issuing of various prefaces to authorized printings. Who do you think was more influential on the history of the manifest—Marx or Engels?

The prefaces to the manifesto often mention individuals in the context of political alliances. Yet in later years many of those individuals stood in complete opposition to...