Chapters 43-45, Appendices I and II Summary and Analysis

Chapter 43: "Cato," Letters V and VII (November 22nd and 27th, 1787)

"Cato" is another anti-federalist. He reiterates the arguments of Brutus and may be New York Governor George Clinton, but there is no good evidence for this.

Letter V argues against the powers of the legislative branch. Cato wants yearly elections for representatives. In this way, they will directly reflect the will of the people. Also, there are too few representatives.

Letter VII argues that the senate and the president are too tightly associated. They will act together against the people rather than checking each other because they have common interests. The Congress also has control over how their members shall be elected. The general concern is that "rulers in all governments will erect an interest separate from the ruled, which will...