Geyl, Peter, Debates with Historians, Meridian Books, 1958.

Geyl's text includes four chapters that deal with A Study of History. Geyl criticizes Toynbee's method as not being genuinely empirical, and he also disputes Toynbee's pessimistic assessment of the state of Western civilization.

Ortega y Gasset, Jose, An Interpretation of Universal History, translated by Mildred Adams, W. W. Norton, 1973.

This work is compiled from a lecture course that Ortega gave on Toynbee. Largely hostile to Toynbee, Ortega accuses him of having a mystical approach to history and of relying too much on Greco-Roman history as the key to all other civilizations. Ortega also claims that Toynbee makes major factual errors.

Samuel, Maurice, The Professor and the Fossil, Knopf, 1956.

Samuel disputes Toynbee's description of the Jews as fossils of the extinct Syrian civilization with its implication that Jewish culture is lifeless and unproductive.

Stromberg, Roland N., Arnold J. Toynbee...