Anderson, Sherwood. A review of The Ways of White Folks in The Nation, July 11, 1934. Reprinted in Langston Hughes: Critical Perspectives Past and Present, edited by Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and K. A. Appiah, New York, Amistad Books, 1993, p. 18.

DuBois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folks, New York, Bantam Books, 1989.

Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Preface to Langston Hughes: Critical Perspectives Past and Present, edited by Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and K. A. Appiah, New York, Amistad Books, 1993, pp. ix-xii.

Graham, Maryemma. "The Practice of a Social Art," in Langston Hughes: Critical Perspectives Past and Present, edited by Henry Louis Gates, Jr., and K. A. Appiah, New York, Amistad Books, 1993, p. 213-36.

Ostrom, Hans. Langston Hughes: A Study of the Short Fiction, New York, Twayne Publishers, 1993.

Rampersad, Arnold. The Life of Langston Hughes, Vol. 1, New York, Oxford University Press, 1986.