Summary

Fourth Lesson:

Light consists of photons. Atoms are made of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are made of quarks held together by gluons. These four smallest ones are the elementary particles. Other than those, there are neutrinos and Higgs bosons. These particles are quanta of fields rather than individual entities. They and their movement follow the principles of quantum mechanics, thus they appear and disappear. And they sometimes exist without being observable. Quantum mechanics and particle physics have determined the world to be continuous and ephemeral. From the 50s until the 70s, the Standard Model was developed and tested. It was an international cooperation between scientists such as Feynman and Gell-Mann. However, the model is not fully accepted today since it has some holes and flaws. Some elements seem to be makeshift, others have not been justified.

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