Freeman Champney, "Beat-Up or Beatific?," The Antioch Review, Vol. XIX, No. 1, Spring, 1959, pp. 114-21.

Ann Charters, "Introduction: Variations on a Generation," in The Portable Beat Reader, edited by Ann Charters, Penguin Books, 1992, pp. xvii, xix-xx.

David Dempsey, "In Pursuit of Kicks," The New York Times Book Review, September 8, 1957, p. 4.

Edmund Fuller, in Man in Modern Fiction: Some Minority Opinions on Contemporary Writing, Random House, 1958, p. 154.

Ralph Gleason, "Kerouac's Beat Generation," Saturday Review, Vol. XLI, January 11, 1958, p. 75.

Herbert Gold, "Hip, Cool, Beat—and Frantic," The Nation, Vol. 185, No. 16, November 16, 1957, pp. 349-55.

Jack Kerouac, On the Road, Viking, 1957.

Gilbert Millstein, review in The New York Times, September 5, 1957, p. 27.

Norman Podhoretz, "The Know-Nothing Bohemians," (1958) in his Doings and Undoings, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1964, pp. 143-58.

Steven Watson, in The Birth of the Beat Generation, Pantheon Books, 1995, pp. 5, 256.