Substance

A substance is something that can exist by itself, independently of anything else. There is only one substance for Spinoza: God.

Attribute

An attribute is an essential property of a substance. This means that the property is a property of the substance necessarily and explains what the thing is.

Modes

Manifestation of substance and attributes. Everything else that exists other than God is a mode of God.

Laws of Nature

The laws of nature are the necessary principles governing God's action. There are psychology and physical laws, but in reality they are one set of laws.

Ideas

Ideas are mental entities that are active affirmations or rejections. They are not the passive objects of the intellect, as we understand them.

Mind

The human mind, which is not reducible to the body. It is composed of ideas.

Body

The human's physical aspect, separate from and irreducible to the...