Chapter 12, pgs. 564-596 Summary and Analysis

Relations between England and Spain remain tense, and in 1583, Pope Gregory wants Philip to include England but Philip declines. By 1585, Philip is talking about invading. Philip wants one of his own daughters to inherit the English throne.

In March 1587, Elizabeth gives Francis Drake permission to attack Spanish ships and Drake is very successful in doing this. Elizabeth hopes that a negotiated peace could be achieved with Spain's Duke of Parma and Philip. Philip has to accept Protestantism in the Netherlands for the two years it will take the States General to reach a religious settlement. Leicester doesn't think that Spain will negotiate.

France experiences another outbreak of civil war in September 1585. Elizabeth finances the mercenaries of German John Casmir to assist the Huguenots in 1587, but the funds are not sufficient. Peace talks with Spain are held in...