Xiao-Wen Chou

Xiao-Wen Chou is symbolic of erasure. For years, Ingrid and her community have believed that Chou is a renowned Chinese American poet. In Chapter 7, however, Ingrid discovers that Chou is, in fact, a white man, John Smith, wearing yellowface and posing as a Chinese writer. Therefore, the Chou persona represents the seizure, oppression, and erasure of East Asian bodies throughout United States history.

Antacid Pills

The antacid pills to which Ingrid is addicted at the start of the novel are symbolic of comfort. Whenever Ingrid feels overwhelmed or confused, she chomps on the pills. Though she is not sick and the pills do not change how she physically feels, they grant her an illusory sense of calm and wellness. The author uses them to reify Ingrid's longtime desperation for safety and security.

Eczema

The eczema patches Ingrid is constantly scratching on her body symbolize anxiety...