Benson, Brian Joseph, and Mabel Nayle Dillard, "Lifting the Veil," in Jean Toomer, Twayne Publishers, 1980, p. 50.

Bontemps, Arna, "Introduction," in Cane, Perennial Classics, 1969.

McKay, Nellie Y., Jean Toomer, Artist, University of North Carolina Press, 1984, p. 9.

Turner, Darwin T., "Introduction," in Cane, Liveright Publishing Corp., 1975.

--------, in In a Minor Chord: Three African-American Writers and Their Search for Identity, SouthernIllinois University Press, 1971.

Waldron, Edward W., "The Search for Identity in Jean Toomer's 'Esther,'" in CLA Journal, Vol. 14, March 1971, p. 227.