The term terrorism originated over two hundred years ago, during the French Revolution—more specifically, the 1793–1794 Reign of Terror. Unlike modern terrorism, which is often associated with individuals or groups attacking a foreign or domestic government, the Reign of Terror was led by Maximilien Robespierre and other leaders of France’s own government. Robespierre and the others who led the Committee of Public Safety (the group that was created in April 1793 to rule France) directed their violence toward people whom they believed posed threats to liberty. These perceived enemies—in particular, those who supported a different form of government, including a return to the monarchy—were arrested and often guillotined. The violence ended with the overthrow and execution of Robespierre. The actions and motivations of those responsible for the Reign of Terror are different from the causes championed...