In the 1969 court case Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that students in public schools are entitled to First Amendment rights, provided their methods of free expression are not disruptive or vulgar. According to the majority opinion, written by Justice Abe Fortas, "It can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate." Nearly two decades later, in the 1988 Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier case, the court revised its stance and ruled that public school administrators can censor student speech in newspapers, yearbooks, and other official school publications, even if the speech is not disruptive or indecent. In that decision, Justice Byron White argued: "[We] hold that educators do not offend the First Amendment by exercising editorial control over the style and content of student speech in...