THE SOCIAL REFORM efforts of the 1800s resulted in more mental hospitals, a push toward more humane treatment, and some laws to protect the rights of the mentally ill. During these years, researchers intensified their study of mental illnesses and developed new approaches to treatment. Beginning in the late 1800s, effective new physical and psychological therapies emerged, including medications to help the chronically ill and reduce the most severe symptoms of mental illness.

Gaining information about mental illness

As more mental institutions opened, the people who worked with patients sought to learn more about mental illnesses, and then shared their insights. Numerous books, articles, and other materials about mental illness, psychology, and human behavior were published. Written materials and lectures promoted knowledge and discussion about mental illness in the United States.

During the 1800s, the study of mental illnesses became...