One of the most persistent complaints about the American criminal justice system is that the system and sometimes the people who work in it discriminate against blacks and other minorities, including the poor. Those who advocate reforming the criminal justice system contend that police use “racial profiling” to stop and harass minority drivers in the hope of finding a criminal offense. The American Civil Liberties Union unveiled an advertisement in late 2001 in an attempt to raise awareness of racial profiling. The ad featured Elmo Randolph, an African-American dentist who was stopped by New Jersey police more than one hundred times in a five-year period and yet never received a ticket. Randolph said of his experience, “The police searched my car and I had to prove to the troopers that being an African- American man in a nice...