Henry E. Heffner

Henry E. Heffner is a psychology professor at the University of Toledo. In the following viewpoint, he contends that animal experimentation is ethical because it benefits humans, which in turn benefits lab animals, who depend upon humans for survival. Heffner maintains that the lab environment is safer and healthier than natural habitats, which allows lab animals to reproduce more successfully and continue their genetic lines.

As you read, consider the following questions:

1. According to the author, what is the difference between commensalism and mutualism"
2. Why might a mutualistic relationship develop between humans and wild animals, according to Heffner"
3. What example does Heffner provide as evidence that humans commonly accept arrangements in which the few are sacrificed for the many"

Most animal species commonly used in research had already established relationships with us before they expanded into the laboratory...