Urology is the branch of medicine that deals with the urinary tract in females and with the urogenital tract in males. In both sexes, the urinary tract consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. In males, additional structures such as the prostate gland are included in the urogenital system.

The problems with which an urologist deals tend to fall into three general categories infection, cancer, and stone formation. Cystitis is any infection of the urinary tract. The condition often appears to be centered in the urinary bladder, but is usually associated with infections of other parts of the urinary system. Cystitis is accompanied by frequent and painful urination. It is treated relatively effectively with antibiotics, although other urinary tract problems with which it is associated may require other treatments.

Enlargement of the prostate gland is now one of the most common disorders among males, especially older males...