In the physical world, events occur according to natural laws within a realm of seeming randomness. For instance, a tree grows its leaves in a strict sequence of predictable biochemical processes which can be studied and described in minute detail. However, when the season has passed and the leaves die, there is no way to predict with perfect certainty when or where any individual leaf will fall and strike the ground. Nor can it be predicted with certainty whether a coin flipped into the air will land heads up or tails up. The laws of physics can precisely describe the dynamic forces that are acting on a spinning coin as it is flipped into the air. Indeed, it may well be that if one could account for every minute force, energy vector, and motion that affects a tumbling coin one could predict exactly, according to the...