Several public policies converged with, and the completion of important research documenting the efficacy of drug-abuse treatment for incarcerated offenders, to make the 1990s a significant decade for treatment in jail and prison settings. In regard to policy, the crack cocaine epidemic that began in the mid-1980s led state legislatures and Congress to pass drug laws which attempted to reduce crack distribution at the street level. As a consequence the arrests, convictions, and incarceration of drug offenders increased dramatically. Determinate and mandatory minimum sentences for drug-related offense resulted in overcrowded jails and prisons. More jails and prisons were built to address this growing inmate population crisis, and the composition of jail and prison inmates changed. The percent of Hispanic and African-American inmates, particularly those from the inner city, increased dramatically; late in the late 1990s, there was...