A coordinate system is a way of naming the points of n-dimensional space with n-tuples of real numbers so that no two points have the same name. For example, a line can be assigned coordinates be naming one of the points 0 (also called the origin) and deciding which side of 0 is positive and which is negative. Any point that is on the positive side is assigned the number equal to its distance from 0. A number on the left side is assigned the number equal to minus its distance from 0. These coordinates are called the Cartesian coordinates of the line. Cartesian coordinates can also be extended to the plane and n-dimensional space for any positive integer n. In polar coordinates, each point (x, y) in the plane is given the coordinates (r,a) in which r is the distance (0, 0) to (x, y) and a is...