Object-oriented programming (OOP) focuses on grouping, simplification, streamlining, and standardization. For example, it would seem unreasonable if every time someone traveled between two cities that they would experiment and do it by trial and error. A more reasonable methodology would be to develop maps and identify a standardized shortest route to travel, thereby simplifying the traveling process. However, this type of simplification has not always been obvious and even today we find many instances where it is not used. For example, in manufacturing there are numerous instances in which the same exact part was designed from scratch several times. It has separate drawings, separate part numbers, and is stored in separate places. Until recently, no grouping methodology existed to identify opportunities for part standardization. The grouping process that was finally developed is called group technology and comes from Russia. However, most manufacturers still do not use...