Newtonian physics are first distinguished from Aristotelian physics and encompass the contributions of Isaac Newton (1642-1717), not only as they pertain to the understanding of the physics of motion but also as they shaped what is now referred to as the scientific method, basically a method which concentrates on a precise, mathematical description of the physical world. With this approach, Newton explained both the motions of heavenly bodies and the motions of objects on or near the surface of Earth by formulating four simple laws: the three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. This contribution of Newtonian over pre-Newtonian physics represents one of the most remarkable achievements of mankind's intellectual development. It consisted first of all in radically modifying the two thousand year old prevailing concept of the universe which was based on Aristotle's physics. These foundations were first shaken by Galileo during...