While there is single, no specific definition that applies to all natural products, they are generally defined as organic compounds that are formed as a product or byproduct of a living organism. Examples of natural products include fibers (e.g. cotton, silk, wool, hemp); fuels (e.g., oil and natural gas); construction materials such as wood and rubber; and animal by-products like leather. These and many other natural products have been used throughout recorded history. One of the most important applications of natural products is in the area of health sciences.

The chemistry of natural products prior to 1945 was much different than the high-tech science of today. Before the middle of the century, chemists in this field were intent merely on isolating and determining the structure of natural products. However, over the last several decades, scientists have developed a host of analytical tools that greatly improved...