Electronics which relies on switching between two states (on or off, voltage or no voltage, high voltage or low voltage, for example), is made up of what are called logic circuits. This name comes from the fact that the circuits deal with two possibilities. In the social science of logic two such opposing states are often verbalized as "yes or no," "true or false," and in slightly more sophisticated reasoning, "if yes(or no), then some action (or other) will be taken."

Computers operate electronically using such circuitry or "logic gates." These are built into integrated circuits that are part of the central processing unit and other computer "chips" on the mother board and most of the cards mounted to it. The most basic logic gate has one input and one output. Logic gate inputs or outputs represent one bit of information in one of two...