Programming languages are artificial languages used to write a sequence of instructions that can be executed by a computer. They are generally classified as low-level, intermediate, or high-level. Low-level languages, or machine languages, are the most basic type and can be executed directly by a computer. (Indeed, they are the only languages that can be executed directly by a computer in hardware.) The details of machine language vary depending on computer make and model. Intermediate or assembly languages possess the same basic command sets as low-level languages but allow programmers to use easy-to-remember codes (mnemonics, pronounced neh MON iks) instead of numbers during the writing of programs. The primary advantages of intermediate languages over machine languages are (1) fewer programming errors and (2) easier and faster modifications. High-level languages most closely resemble human language, and are the easiest to write programs in. The main disadvantages...