Genetics has had a place in industrial processes for thousands of years. The production of vinegar from water percolating through wood shavings, bread making and the production of beer has relied on the action of microorganisms. In the twentieth century, with the elucidation of the structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and the development of techniques to introduce DNA from one organism into the genome of another organism, genetics has profoundly influenced industrial processes.

Biotechnology has commercial potential in medicine, agriculture, chemicals and the environment. Once concerned only with the production of genetically engineered proteins, the commercial biotechnology industry now includes the discovery and development of synthetic small-molecule chemical drugs (called biochemotechnology), gene therapy, cell therapy, carbohydrate engineering, DNA-coated silicon chips, and more.

The creation of transgenic animals and plants has generated huge markets for many countries. Genetically engineered fish and trees are...