1864-1943

American surgeon whose research into the causes and control of hemorrhage saved countless lives. Three developments were necessary for modern surgery to arise: control of pain (anesthesia), control of infection (antisepsis), and control of surgical shock due to loss of blood. Crile provided this third development in the 1890s. Among his books are An Experimental Research into Surgical Shock (1899), Blood-Pressure in Surgery (1903), and Hemorrhage and Transfusion (1909).