Knowledge (ʿilm) has occupied a central place in the Islamic intellectual tradition. The religious incentive for this stems from the fact that the Islamic belief is grounded in a knowledge claim about God's existence and His revelation. The theologians (mutakallimin) consider knowledge as a prerequisite for religious belief (iman). A related question is God's knowledge of things—how God as the knower (al-ʿalim) knows particulars, which are subject to change, without change in His essence. To address this issue, Ibn Sinā had absolved God of the necessity of knowing every particular thing and event because this might introduce change in his unchanging essence. Ghazālī, in turn, accuses Ibn Sinā of denying God the ability to know particulars. The general consensus on God's knowledge of things, however, is that His knowing is a generative act in that He knows things by...