The way that people visualize the enemy during wartime often has little to do with the actual reasons for the war or the actual character of the enemy. The images of the enemy that dominate the public mind reflect the limited information available to the public, the public's collective predispositions, and elite strategies to shape opinion, including government propaganda and political debate. The specific images of the enemy that are presented in official propaganda reflect the government's judgment as to the best way to build and maintain support for the war effort. Enemies are routinely portrayed and viewed as cruel, treacherous, barbaric, or inhuman, and enemy motivations are almost always oversimplified and delegitimized. Scholars have long debated the reasons for these negative images, whether rooted in human psychology, the survival instincts of both individuals and societies, ethnic and racial prejudice, or manipulation by authority...