In nature, chemical elements are often occur as individual atoms, which are also known as monatomic molecules. However, many elements appear as diatomic molecules, as a result of attraction between individual atoms. For example, many gases, such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen appear as diatomic molecules (H₂, O₂, N₂).

The creation of a diatomic molecule is a process: two atoms first approach each other; the atoms= outer orbital(s) then converge to create molecular orbitals. Thus, in order to create a H₂, the simplest molecule (because hydrogen is the simplest atom), two hydrogen atoms combine there single orbitals into a molecular orbital. Diatomic molecules have two basic types of orbitals. For example, when, in the hydrogen molecule, the values of the two atomic orbitals are added, the resulting molecular orbital, also known as a bonding orbital, occurs in the area between the nuclei. When, however, the value of...