Overview

In 1977, scientists began to search for deep-sea hydrothermal vents, 2,500 to 2,600 meters (8,000 to 8,500 feet) below the sea, using submersible vehicles such as Alvin and Angus. It was on the Galapagos Rift, an area southwest of Ecuador, that the search for hydrothermal vents was first undertaken in an effort to examine the metal deposits surrounding the vents. While exploring these vents, researchers made an amazing discovery. Pictures taken in 1975 revealed the presence of large white clams, but in 1977 an expedition led by Dr. John B. Corliss of the Oregon State University exposed an entire community of animals thriving in the environment around the vents. Other expeditions ensued, as many were intrigued by this unique ecosystem.

Background

Geologists had hypothesized about the existence of deep-sea vents, but it was impossible for them to examine deeper regions...