Table 1. Examples of Commercially Developed Batteries

Physicist Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius was born January 2, 1822, in Koeslin, Pomerania, Prussian province (now Koszalin, Poland). He was the sixth son of eighteen children born to teacher and a Protestant minister. Clausius attended gymnasium (secondary school) in Stettin and from 1840 the University in Berlin, where he studied mathematics and physics mainly as a student of Gustav Magnus. In 1851 he joined The Physics Society, which was formed in 1845 by Magnus's students. In tandem with his university studies, he taught in a Berlin gymnasium to sponsor the education of his younger sisters and brothers. In 1848 he earned a doctorate degree, and in 1850 he became lecturer at Berlin University while simultaneously teaching at the Artillery School of the Prussian army. Clausius left Berlin in 1855 and moved to Zurich, where he became a professor of physics at Polytechnicum...