1847-1930

American mathematician who made important contributions to symbolic logic and vision color theory. Her early interest was physics, however, since women were not provided with graduate laboratory facilities, she switched to mathematics. After receiving her degree, she taught secondary school science and published mathematics research in the British Educational Times. When she later applied to John Hopkins, her name was recognized from her articles and she was allowed to attend despite current enrollment restrictions against women. She was a strong advocate of women's suffrage and educational reform.