The Arctic National Wildlife Range was established in 1960 to conserve 8.9 million acres of Alaska's remote northeast corner. This roadless area, north of the Arctic Circle, consists of arctic and alpine tundra, coastal lagoons and barrier islands, and boreal forest. It stretches along 110 miles of the Beaufort Sea (part of the Arctic Ocean) to the border with Canada's Yukon Territory. The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) of 1980 increased the size of the refuge to nineteen million acres (about the size of South Carolina) and renamed it the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Together with the adjacent Ivvavik and Vuntut National Parks in Canada, it comprises the second-largest international conservation area in North America (after the Wrangell-St. Elias and Glacier Bay National Parks in Alaska and the neighboring Tatshenshini-Alsek and Kluane Parks in Canada) and one of the largest protected natural areas...