Madonna sings during the opening night performance at New York's Radio City Music Hall on June 6, 1985. AP/Wide World Photos. Reproduced by permission.

In the 1980s, Madonna, born Madonna Louise Ciccone, burst upon the national landscape and became a focus of both intense adoration and controversy. Madonna—as singer, dancer, and actress—conveyed a provocative sexuality and fiery ambition that challenged sexual, racial, and religious values.

Madonna portrayed herself as a "Boy Toy" and "Material Girl" who enjoyed life's hedonistic (sensual) pleasures. She courted fame and celebrity with her suggestive lyrics, naughty-girl persona, controversial behavior, and brief marriage to actor Sean Penn (1960–). Her legion of mostly female fans viewed Madonna as a symbol of female empowerment.

Madonna's willingness to defy conventions and political correctness earned her criticism from conservatives and liberals alike. She remained a rock superstar and pop icon (symbol) throughout the 1990s. However, her...