Old Grandpa represents the living history of the oral tradition.
The rancher represents the thievery of the Anglos who stole Indian lands, as well as hostility and racism.
Silko writes: "Kochininako, Yellow Woman, represents all women in the old stories. Her deeds span the spectrum of human behavior and are mostly heroic. . . . Yellow Woman is my favorite because she dares to cross traditional boundaries of ordinary behavior during times of crisis to save the Pueblo; her power lies in her courage and in her uninhibited sexuality, which the old-time Pueblo stories celebrate again and again because fertility was so highly valued."
Yellow Woman