NOT ON OUR TURF: BARRIERS TO DEVELOPMENT chap 8

I don't think so. When these countries try to develop today, they often have a "dual economy" with a developed or more developed, urban sector that is richer and a much less wealthy rural sector, which still contains rural, agriculture and "backward" populations. The result of this split in South Africa was the Apartheid Regime. But there are many other examples. African growth would break out whenever institutions became more inclusive, but in the main extractive institutions held it back, as the colonial European powers reinforced and created new extractive institutions.

The inequality of wealth between nations exists today due to the fact that some nations were in an institutional position to take advantage of the Industrial Revolution and new technologies while others were not. This is due to the presence of extractive institutions in poor countries, due either to too much centralization or too little.