How does the author's language vary in the novel, Visitation of Spirits?

The novel presents a contrast between the words and manner of speaking associated with Ruth and Ezekiel Cross, members of the older generation, compared to that of James and Horace, the younger generation. The author's emphasis of differences in societal perspectives and life circumstances across generations conveys the changing ideologies present in North Carolina associated with the post-Civil Rights era. Ruth and Ezra Cross frequently use Southern slang terms and grammatical incorrect structure associated with their upbringing and lack of long-term education. For instance, Ezekiel says to Ruth, "you know it ain't gone snow in no December" (5). Note that, although this phrase is grammatically incorrect, it is still easily understood and effectively conveys Zeke's North Carolina accent.

By contrast, James and Horace use correct sentence structure and their narratives feature terms associated with theological education and high-school education, respectively. James says to Ruth and Ezekiel, "That two people who've lived as long and who have been through as much as you two can act so petulant and childish" (200). James' use of the words 'petulant' and 'childish' indicate greater eloquence and a more extensive vocabulary compared to his aunt and uncle. However, in certain circumstances, James speaks in the same manner as Ruth and Ezekiel: "now, Aunt Ruth. It ain't Christian to hold grudges and to carry on like the two of you been doing" (199). James' mirroring of their manner of speaking allows him to better relate to his aunt and uncle. As a reflection of Horace's propensity for academics, he uses scientific terms such as "tropism" (155). Horace then relates tropism to his first sexual experience and romantic feelings for Gideon, demonstrating intelligence and abstract thinking.