Miller's essential theme, the thread of which runs throughout his fiction, is the creation and preservation of artistic consciousness. The process by which Miller's own artistic "self" was forged is the subject of the books which follow Tropic of Cancer and cover the years before he left the United States for Europe. In Tropic of Cancer, after struggling with economic disaster, marital chaos and artistic impotence, Miller had finally recognized that, similar to Camus's homme revolte, he could find value in anything that the "self" does.