A sociologist and author, Hartman observed and studied the effects of the renovation and renewal of the Boston West End neighborhood, an Italian enclave. He accurately described the variances between the space needs of Italians and the actual renovation that occurred. City developers failed to understand that Italians are content to be in crowded living conditions in their homes, because their living space extends beyond the structure to the streets, stores and churches. By eliminating the important extensions of Italian living space, a depressing, stressful environment was created from a formerly stable neighborhood.