Scientists as flawed human beings is another theme in the book. Lest his readers conclude that scientists, including Carl Sagan, stand atop white pillars of intellectual perfection and gaze down condescendingly upon their fellow man, the author goes to lengths to describe some of the follies, fallacies and dead-ends that scientists have taken. Nazi physicians who conducted ghastly experiments on prisoners, inhuman treatment of blacks in a study of syphilis conducted by the U.S. government, Sir Isaac Newton's "sleep," or indifference to the imaginative world of the arts as described by poet William Blake, are all instances of how science can be very wrong.