What does Mammy represent?

Mammy represents stability, protection, and belonging. Though Mammy is gifted to Rufel as a child, the woman grows to love her, caring for her as her own child. Her devotion to Rufel allows the young woman to feel the only love she has ever felt. Mammy's death therefore severely disturbs Rufel's sense of self. Later when Dessa questions their relationship, Rufel feels once again uncertain about the truth of her history and identity. When she finally explains their relationship to Dessa, Rufel once again feels Mammy's closeness.