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Manchester's perspective is characteristic of popular history of early to mid-twentieth century America. A standard view of the Middle Ages is that they were best described as "the Dark Ages" due to the fact that they were religiously homogeneous, ruled by the Roman Catholic Church, highly superstitious, violent, repressive, impoverish, and famished. Only with the rise of Protestantism, Humanism and other early modern ideologies was the back of medieval Christendom broken and a new age of economic growth, political freedom, religious pluralism, and secularism emerged. Consequently, Manchester is keen to impress upon the reader that Europe in the Dark Ages did not even constitute a civilization and that the real progress in history was the gradual destruction of sincere Christian belief, especially belief in the reliability of the Bible and the infallibility of the Papacy. It is worthy of note, however, that Manchester is particularly polemical given his ideological commitments.

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