Snobs and snobbery is another theme to consider. Pop Selbst justifies his behavior by characterizing the people who have converted Woody and his mother to ChristianityMrs. Skoglund, the Reverend Doctor Kovland, and Aunt Rebecca Kovlandas snobs, who look down upon him because of his humble background and, perhaps, because of anti-Semitic feelings. Whether he is right, or is just using their disapproving attitude to excuse his own criminal behavior, it is nonetheless clear that Woody agrees with him. Woody characterizes his mother as waiting, like a queen, for her husband to return to her, even forty years after he left the family, but refusing their daughters to have anything to do with him: "The Empress of India speaking," Bellow writes, to show Woody's disdain for his mother's pretentious ways.