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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What French philosopher influenced both Fourier and Owen?
(a) Rousseau.
(b) Diderot.
(c) de Sade.
(d) Voltaire.

2. According to Edmund Wilson, Babeuf saw the center of power during the French Revolution as being ______________.
(a) In the hands of people who appointed the leaders.
(b) In the hands of the people with armies.
(c) In the hands of people who counted the votes.
(d) In the hands of the people who were unhappy.

3. How does Edmund Wilson describe Anatole France?
(a) As a Catholic.
(b) As a racist.
(c) As a radical.
(d) As a reformer.

4. How did Taine examine works of literature?
(a) As living spiritual events.
(b) As historical way posts.
(c) As specimens.
(d) As living experiences.

5. How old was Anatole France at the time of the Commune?
(a) Twenty-one.
(b) Thirty-seven.
(c) Fifty-one.
(d) Twenty-seven.

Short Answer Questions

1. What did Jules Michelet teach?

2. What was the subject of Renan's The Future of Science?

3. Saint-Simon thought society should be based on ____________.

4. How old was Babeuf during the Revolution?

5. According to Edmund Wilson, Saint-Simon represented______________.

Short Essay Questions

1. Why did Marx leave Germany?

2. What reforms did Saint-Simon want to institute?

3. Describe Babeuf's early career.

4. In what way did Taine distinguish between history and science?

5. How was Saint-Simon representative of the new breed of intellectual in the 19th-century?

6. What does Edmund Wilson say about communes in America?

7. Explain Michelet's portrayal of society.

8. What does Edmund Wilson describe as the result of the French Revolution?

9. Describe Michelet's politics.

10. What was Vico's effect on Michelet?

(see the answer keys)

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