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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What may the no boundary condition imply?

2. What did this theory of curved spaces help Einstein and Marcel Grossman to do?

3. What theory of Einstein's contradicted Newton's law of gravity?

4. What did Einstein assume about scientific laws?

5. What did Newton's model suggest about time and space?

Short Essay Questions

1. What did Einstein do in 1905 that launched him to the top of the scientific community?

2. What does Hawking believe the possibility of intelligent beings' existence depends on?

3. How did the general relativity theory break down?

4. Briefly describe Einstein's involvement in the events of WWII.

5. What new sort of symmetry was discovered in the 1970s?

6. What paper did Einstein write with Grossman in 1913 and what happened in 1915 related to this same project?

7. What did Penrose and Hawking's theory have to say about the universe's history?

8. Why does the theory of general relativity break down when discussing the Big Bang?

9. What was the "ether" theory?

10. Why can't we coherently ask why the universe is the way it is?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

What are p-branes? What are the different levels of branes? What is the role of p-branes in supersymmetry? Answer the previous questions succinctly and be sure to explore Hawking's contributions to this field of study.

Essay Topic 2

What are zero point fluctuations and what serious effects do they have on the quantum theory of gravity? Be sure to discuss Feynman, Schwinger and Tomonaga's work with zero point fluctuations.

Essay Topic 3

Expound on Einstein's involvement, direct or indirect, in WWII. Be sure to discuss the relationship between scientific discovery and practical use. Analyze The Manhattan Project as an example of science and its utilization.

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