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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What had Kant determined to be a Thing-in-Itself that can be conceived in thought but not experienced?

2. What does Durant say the beginning of Schopenhauer's book contains?

3. What are the second and third volumes of Spencer's work in 1872?

4. Who is a contemporary of Kant's who writes so as to confound, confuse and attract disciples at the same time?

5. Without what does Kant say sensations cannot become perceptions?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does Spencer see his fame?

2. Analyzing religious ideas in First Principles, what does Spencer conclude?

3. Describe the two periods of Bertram Russell's philosophical life.

4. Describe Herbert Spencer as a man.

5. How does Schopenhauer illustrate, along with Aristotle, that the power of will drives plants, animals and man?

6. Describe the competition between Schopenhauer and Hegel.

7. Describe Schopenhauer's views of youth and old age.

8. What is Nietzsche's thought on democracy and Christianity?

9. Describe Kant's sequential order of knowledge leading up to an organized life.

10. Define the difference between the study of science and the study of social studies and political affairs.

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Write an essay on Schopenhauer's contention that character lies in the will and not the intellect. Explain what he means and give your opinion of his conclusion.

Essay Topic 2

Write an essay on Aristotle's Golden Mean. Include how it is not the same as a mathematical mean. Give an Aristotelian example of the Golden Mean and one that you observe from modern life.

Essay Topic 3

Write an essay on Kant's statement: Morality is not properly the doctrine how we may make ourselves happy, but how we may make ourselves worthy to be happy. Explain what it means and give examples.

(see the answer keys)

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