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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. On what did Bean gather information?

2. Experts claimed it was no good to __________ blacks.

3. Gould says the claims of inferiority are limited to ____________ even thought race, sex, and social class are tied together.

4. Flaws in the experimental design, according to Gould, do not lead to _________ in the numbers.

5. Science means looking for the ________ based on facts.

Short Essay Questions

1. What does Gould want to define ranking as?

2. What does Gould want to study in relation to the science related to the arguments for biological determinism?

3. What did Blumenbach believe the anatomical structure differences between blacks and whites were the result of?

4. What were the results of Bean's work, as he found the differences between the races and the genders?

5. Describe and define the idea of biological determinism.

6. Who was Francis Galton and what did he do for the scientific study of intelligence measurement?

7. Who was Serres, in relation to the polygenism movement? What did he study and find to be true?

8. Why did Broca feel women should be denied the benefits of education?

9. What does Gould have to say about science in relation to the facts it collects?

10. What were Broca's numbers based upon, according to Gould's examination of his studies?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

The idea of evolution was one the impacted the study of intelligence and intelligence testing greatly in the nineteenth century. At the same time, this theory also became a way to support scientific studies, even when the designs were incorrect or flawed.

Part 1: Define the theory of evolution and name its creator.

Part 2: How does evolution impact the studies related to biological determinism?

Part 3: What are two scientific theories that resulted from the introduction of evolution to the discuss of intelligence?

Essay Topic 2

David Hume and Louis Agassiz worked on the idea of polygenism as it related to the superiority of the white race. Agassiz especially wanted to prove that blacks were inferior to whites, though his studies were problematic.

Part 1: What was the main idea behind Agassiz's work?

Part 2: What were the problems with Agassiz's study and its results?

Part 3: What were Agassiz's own experiences with blacks like? What was his reaction to those he did finally meet?

Essay Topic 3

The concept of inferiority seems to be one early scientists were very eager to identify. In doing so, it seems, they could help society become stronger and more powerful.

Part 1: What seems to be the definition of inferiority as measured by the scientists in the studies Gould has shed light on?

Part 2: Why does inferiority need to be identified in any society? What are the benefits to this labeling?

Part 3: What are the negative effects of creating a group of people who are considered by scientists to be inferior to others?

(see the answer keys)

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