4. The argument of _______________ is the basis for believing that measuring the intelligence of an individual allows a measure of worth or value to be attached.

5. Where did Francis Galton have a display in 1884?

Short Essay Questions

1. What are the two groups Gould identifies within the idea of ranking blacks and other races?

2. What does Gunnar Myrdal have to say about the situation of ranking people in society?

3. What were the results of Bean's work, as he found the differences between the races and the genders?

4. Why did Broca feel women should be denied the benefits of education?

5. Who was Francis Galton and what did he do for the scientific study of intelligence measurement?

6. What does Gould want to define ranking as?

7. What were some of the additional factors Gratiolet studied in order to determine the effect of brain size?

8. Define the idea of polygenism.

9. What does Gould have to say about science in relation to the facts it collects?

10. Who was Serres, in relation to the polygenism movement? What did he study and find to be true?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

The idea of evolution was one the impacted the study of intelligence and intelligence testing greatly in the nineteenth century. At the same time, this theory also became a way to support scientific studies, even when the designs were incorrect or flawed.

Part 1: Define the theory of evolution and name its creator.

Part 2: How does evolution impact the studies related to biological determinism?

Part 3: What are two scientific theories that resulted from the introduction of evolution to the discuss of intelligence?

Essay Topic 2

The condemnation of other races seems to be the target of many of the intelligence studies and their study parameters. Studies seem to have been created just to point out the inferiority of these races.

Part 1: Which races are singled out in this book as being less than intelligent?

Part 2: What are the reasons given for these races being less than intelligent? What is the 'proof' the scientists have to offer?

Part 3: Do you think it's possible for one race to be inferior to another? Why or why not?

Essay Topic 3

Samuel George Morton was a collector of skulls, which lead to his own studies in the ranking of individuals. But Gould is not so sure Morton is as careful with his research as many once thought.

Part 1: What did Morton do with the skulls he had collected and measured?

Part 2: What was Morton's conclusion based on his measurements of the skills?

Part 3: What was the problem Gould found with Morton's work, "Crania Americana"?

Part 4: What are the four conclusions Gould draws about Morton's work?

(see the answer keys)

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