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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who feels that blacks are inferior and therefore deserve the status of a slave?

2. It was thought that black brains could not ____________ or absorb information.

3. The answer to #48 also said that adult blacks were like _______________.

4. Which view was based on the story of Adam and Eve?

5. Experts claimed it was no good to __________ blacks.

Short Essay Questions

1. What does Gould want to define ranking as?

2. What are 2 of the four points Gould keeps in mind as he examines the studies of the researchers in this book?

3. If given the races of Indian, Black, and White, how would these be ranked, according to the early craniometry methods?

4. What are some of the arguments that have been used to justify the rankings of people in society?

5. What did Blumenbach believe the anatomical structure differences between blacks and whites were the result of?

6. What were some of the additional factors Gratiolet studied in order to determine the effect of brain size?

7. What does Gould logically assume to be true in relation to the contents of the brain?

8. Who was Francis Galton and what did he do for the scientific study of intelligence measurement?

9. What are the two views that resulted in the study of racial inferiority?

10. How is biological determinism used in regards to the measurement of intelligence of people in society?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

One of the popular craniometry scientists was Robert Bennett Bean. This Virginian physician again tried to find the differences between whites and blacks in order to prove the disparity of intelligence.

Part 1: What did Bean gather data on for his research study?

Part 2: What was Bean claiming as the results of his research? What were the differences between the two races?

Part 3: What were 2 of the 4 arguments Gould had again Bean's research?

Essay Topic 2

The concept of inferiority seems to be one early scientists were very eager to identify. In doing so, it seems, they could help society become stronger and more powerful.

Part 1: What seems to be the definition of inferiority as measured by the scientists in the studies Gould has shed light on?

Part 2: Why does inferiority need to be identified in any society? What are the benefits to this labeling?

Part 3: What are the negative effects of creating a group of people who are considered by scientists to be inferior to others?

Essay Topic 3

Another researcher of brain size was Paul Broca. This professor of surgery used numbers which Gould is unsure were legitimate in order to show, one again, the inferiority of blacks.

Part 1: What does Gould think Broca did before doing his research that affected the results?

Part 2: What were Broca's numbers and results based on?

Part 3: In what way were Broca's studies biased?

(see the answer keys)

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