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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. _______ used his studies of Black Egyptian skulls to conclude that black people had always been slaves.

2. __________ created the method of least squares in order to find the true location of the object.

3. William James was an extreme ________ like his father, but disagreed with many of his father's ideals.

4. Charles Pierce wrote about the Metaphysical Club _______ years after it took place.

5. One member of the Metaphysical Club was Chauncy Wright also known as the local ____________.

Short Essay Questions

1. Why did Charles Pierce decide he wanted to found the Metaphysical Club in 1872?

2. How did Benjamin Pierce view mathematics and its place within the scientific community?

3. How was is said that Swedenborn created his religion, later becoming a religious leader?

4. What happened during the Battle of the Wilderness, according to historical records?

5. What was Webster's argument in terms of the legal battle between the two Darmouths which arose?

6. What was in the essay that James read by a French philosopher which helped him to gain insight into two things?

7. Why was Boston the financial center for all cotton products in the mid 19th century?

8. What did the experiences Holmes had in the Civil War lead him to believe about the cause of violence?

9. What did Quetlet use the method of least squares for when he was doing his own research?

10. What did Agassiz want to prove about the fish that James caught while traveling in Brazil?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

The question of slavery is often one that is treated on moral grounds these days as opposed to the grounds on which it was judged before slavery was abolished.

Part 1: Why do you think some people believed that slavery was okay?

Part 2: Do you think slavery was a necessary evil for society to have during that time?

Part 3: Why do you think that slavery is still allowed in certain parts of the world today?

Essay Topic 2

Agassiz decided to teach others about science through the use of observation and of hands on experience.

Part 1: Why do you think observation is such a helpful teaching tool in relation to science?

Part 2: Why do you think hands on experience is such a helpful teaching method in relation to science?

Part 3: Do you prefer hands on learning? Why or why not?

Essay Topic 3

Morris was trying to decide how to reconcile science and faith in his own mind - a popular topic of discussion and study.

Part 1: Why do you think faith and science have a difficult time 'getting along' in terms of their ideas?

Part 2: Do you think that faith and science have common ground? Why or why not?

Part 3: Can science and father ever be reconciled? Why or why not?

(see the answer keys)

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