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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to Popper, what takes the place of strict laws in atomic science?
(a) Probability.
(b) Logic.
(c) Hypothesis.
(d) Theory.

2. What principle does science presuppose?
(a) The uniformity of nature.
(b) The chaos of nature.
(c) The homogeneity of nature.
(d) The variability of nature.

3. By seeking the highest degree of universality and precision, what type of content results?
(a) High empirical content.
(b) High positive content.
(c) High assumed content.
(d) High deductive content.

4. How does Popper negate positivist notions regarding the meaninglessness of certain scientific statements?
(a) Failing to justify statements.
(b) Including synthetic statements.
(c) Conducting empirical research.
(d) Including abstract statements.

5. What are hypothetical estimates of frequency?
(a) Random sequences.
(b) Finite sequences.
(c) Infinite sequences.
(d) Alternative sequences.

6. What occurs with non-numerical probability statements when converted into numerical problems?
(a) There are more degrees of freedom.
(b) They gain power.
(c) Their meaning is distorted.
(d) They invalidate the problem.

7. What does Popper consider dangerous for scientific research?
(a) Logical hypotheses.
(b) Indeterminist approaches.
(c) Metaphysical methods.
(d) Causal principles.

8. What increases with the amount of falsifiability?
(a) The complexity of a study.
(b) The opportunity for error.
(c) The amount of information.
(d) The level of research.

9. What is shown to be equal in issues relating to power of classes?
(a) Power.
(b) Falsifiers.
(c) Class dimensions.
(d) Testability.

10. What is directly linked to falsification?
(a) Logic.
(b) Theory.
(c) Statements.
(d) Testability.

11. When comparing empirical content, what two factors must the relationship points fall between?
(a) Logical and metaphysical.
(b) Contradiction and tautology.
(c) Contradiction and metaphysical.
(d) Tautology and metaphysical.

12. Who does Popper suggest works in probabilistic logic to determine the probability of a hypothesis?
(a) Inductivists.
(b) Metaphysicists.
(c) Conventionalists.
(d) Positivist.

13. What type of classes are singled out and can not be subject to the rigors of scientific empirical scrutiny?
(a) Unique classes.
(b) Sub-classes.
(c) Empty classes.
(d) Unified classes.

14. What, according to von Mises, is derived from certain initial probabilities and distributions?
(a) Normative probabilities.
(b) Alternatives.
(c) Collectives.
(d) Event sequences.

15. What theory suggests that simplicity is expected to achieve a law-like regularity of events?
(a) Metaphysical.
(b) Pragmatic.
(c) Conventional.
(d) Positivist.

Short Answer Questions

1. What does Popper feel is one of the premier scientific achievements?

2. What does Popper equate simplicity with?

3. What do some researchers suggest occurs when the probability is paired with testability?

4. What theory does Heisenberg begin this investigation with?

5. According to many theorists, what gives meaning to classes of events?

(see the answer keys)

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